The governments in South Asia and Africa have been mobilizing women across rural areas into self-help groups, village organizations, federations, and producer organizations for their empowerment and rural livelihoods enhancement. These programs have built strong social capital among rural women and particularly the poor at bottom of pyramid, which has led to transformation of social capital into human, financial, and economic capital, with greater access to credit, labor and other market opportunities. The economic and behavioral impacts of these programs have been transformative. This talk will discuss the approach, theory of change, the interventions, impacts, and the key implementation challenges.